Geneva, Switzerland — often described as the “Peace Capital” of the world — is set to host a major diplomatic event as the United States and Iran prepare to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) aimed at ending weeks of conflict and opening a 60-day negotiation process.
The ceremony, expected to take place on Friday, will be hosted by Pakistan, which has played a major role in mediating between the two sides.
The choice of Geneva carries symbolic importance. The Swiss city has long served as a centre for international diplomacy and has hosted several major peace agreements and humanitarian treaties.
Ian Lesser of the German Marshall Fund said Geneva’s neutrality, international institutions, and diplomatic infrastructure make it a suitable location for sensitive negotiations.
“Swiss neutrality, the presence of the United Nations and multinational agencies, and suitable venues make Geneva an ideal location for such deals,” he said.
Major Agreements Signed in Geneva
Geneva Conventions (1864 and 1949)
The first Geneva Convention was signed on August 22, 1864, establishing international rules for the treatment of wounded and sick soldiers during war.
The agreement was inspired by the work of Swiss businessman Henry Dunant after the 1859 Battle of Solferino and was developed with the support of the International Committee of the Red Cross.
After World War II, 63 countries signed the updated Geneva Conventions of 1949, creating four major treaties that form the foundation of modern international humanitarian law.
The conventions cover:
Protection of wounded and sick soldiers
Treatment of prisoners of war
Protection of civilians during conflicts
Safety of medical personnel and humanitarian workers
Geneva Accords (1954)
The 1954 Geneva Accords helped end the First Indochina War between France and the Viet Minh.
Signed by representatives including France, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Cambodia, Laos, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam, the agreements ended French colonial rule in Indochina.
The accords temporarily divided Vietnam into North and South zones and called for future reunification elections.
Israel-Syria Disengagement Agreement (1974)
Following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israel and Syria signed a US-brokered disengagement agreement in Geneva.
The deal ended direct hostilities, established a separation zone between the two countries, and created a UN-monitored buffer area.
Egypt-Israel Sinai II Agreement (1975)
The Sinai II Agreement, signed in Geneva on September 4, 1975, was an important step toward peace between Egypt and Israel.
Negotiated by US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, the agreement required both sides to maintain a ceasefire and reduce military tensions.
It also included Israeli withdrawal measures in the Sinai Peninsula and the creation of UN-supervised buffer zones.
Geneva Accords (1988)
The 1988 Geneva Accords helped end the Soviet Union’s war in Afghanistan.
Signed by Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the US and Soviet Union acting as guarantors, the agreements led to the withdrawal of Soviet troops and allowed Afghan refugees to return.
Geneva Accord (1991)
In 1991, Croatia and Serbia signed a ceasefire agreement in Geneva, known as the Vance Plan, during the Croatian War of Independence.
The agreement called for an immediate end to fighting, the withdrawal of Yugoslav forces, and steps toward restoring peace.
Geneva Accord (2003)
The 2003 Geneva Initiative proposed a framework for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a two-state solution.
Although supported by some Israeli and Palestinian figures and Switzerland, the proposal was never officially adopted by either side.
With its long history of diplomacy, Geneva continues to be seen as a symbol of international negotiations and conflict resolution.
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