Why Spain Still Controls Enclaves in North Africa Amid Ongoing Dispute with Morocco

Spain's two North African enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla, remain at the centre of a long-running territorial dispute with Morocco, a disagreement that has gained renewed attention following a recent surge of migrants crossing into Ceuta.

Located on Morocco's northern coast, Ceuta and Melilla are the only European-controlled territories on the African mainland. Spain considers both autonomous cities an integral part of its territory and the European Union's external border. Morocco, however, has consistently claimed the enclaves since gaining independence from France in 1956, arguing they are part of its sovereign territory.

The dispute intensified after more than 50,000 migrants crossed into Ceuta last week, placing fresh strain on diplomatic relations between Madrid and Rabat. Although many migrants have since returned to Morocco, thousands remain in the enclave.

The territories have been under European control for centuries. Ceuta came under Portuguese rule in 1415 before becoming part of Spain in 1580, while Melilla was captured by Spain in 1497. Following the decolonisation of Africa, both cities remained under Spanish administration.

Experts say Morocco's claim is largely political rather than legal under international law. While Rabat argues that geography and history support its position, Spain maintains that the enclaves have been part of the Spanish state for centuries and remain protected under its constitution.

Most residents of Ceuta and Melilla reportedly support remaining under Spanish sovereignty. The cities are home to diverse communities of Christians, Muslims, and people of both Spanish and Moroccan heritage, with many residents benefiting from Spain's higher standard of living and European Union membership.

Analysts remain divided over the future of the enclaves. Some believe Spain could eventually reconsider their status as global discussions on decolonisation continue, while others argue Madrid is unlikely to surrender sovereignty, instead focusing on closer cooperation with Morocco on migration, border security, and regional stability.

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