South Africa’s government campaign against undocumented employment is creating tension in Johannesburg’s inner city, exposing the country’s reliance on migrant workers in many small businesses.
In the Fordsburg area of central Johannesburg, some shop owners say foreign workers have become essential because they are cheaper to hire, while others argue that undocumented employment is taking opportunities away from South Africans.
A local shop owner said his business mainly employs foreign nationals as assistants and packers because hiring local workers has become too expensive. He said he pays workers daily based on business performance rather than permanent wages.
The crackdown comes as unemployment remains a major problem in South Africa, with the national unemployment rate around 33 percent and youth unemployment much higher.
Groups opposed to undocumented immigration have carried out protests and raids against businesses accused of hiring foreign workers. Some of these actions have led to violence.
President Cyril Ramaphosa has condemned illegal actions by vigilante groups and announced plans to increase labour inspections.
South African officials say the enforcement is aimed at protecting workers and stopping employers from exploiting undocumented migrants by paying below legal wages.
Deputy Labour Minister Jomo Sibiya said some employers prefer undocumented workers because they are easier to exploit and may not report abuse.
However, migration experts say the issue is more complicated. They argue that many migrants play an important role in Johannesburg’s informal economy by running businesses, supporting trade and contributing to city life.
Experts warn that stronger immigration enforcement alone may not solve South Africa’s unemployment crisis.
As authorities continue arrests and deportations of undocumented migrants, immigration remains a major political and economic issue in the country.

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