Ijma’ (إجماع) is one of the key sources of Islamic law in addition to the Qur’an and Sunnah. It refers to the consensus of qualified Islamic scholars on a religious ruling after the death of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
Meaning of Ijma’.
In Islamic terminology, ijma’ means the agreement of the mujtahidun (qualified scholars of Islamic law) from the Muslim community on a specific legal ruling after the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ passed away.
It excludes:
Opinions of ordinary people
Individual disagreements among scholars
Matters based only on personal reasoning without evidence
Ijma’ is only considered valid when all qualified scholars of a particular era agree on a ruling.
Evidence for Ijma’ as a Source of Law:
Islamic scholars use several proofs to establish the authority of ijma’, including:
The Qur’anic description of Muslims as a “just nation” who bear witness over mankind.
Verses that emphasize returning to Allah and His Messenger when disputes arise, indicating that agreed matters are correct.
A well-known hadith: “My الأمة (nation) will not agree upon misguidance.”
These indicate that the collective agreement of the Muslim scholars cannot be upon error in matters of religion.
Types of Ijma’.
Ijma’ is generally divided into two main types:
1. Definite (Explicit) Ijma’.
This is when scholars clearly and unanimously agree on a ruling, and it becomes widely known and established.
Examples include:
The obligation of the five daily prayers
The prohibition of adultery (zina)
This type of ijma’ is considered strong and binding evidence in Islamic law.
2. Probable (Tacit) Ijma’.
This occurs when some scholars give a ruling and the rest of the scholars of the time become aware of it but do not object.
Scholars differ on whether this type is fully binding, but it is still considered an important legal indication.
Conditions of Ijma’:
For ijma’ to be valid, several conditions must be met:
It must involve qualified Islamic scholars (mujtahids)
It must relate to a religious ruling (not worldly matters)
It must not contradict clear Qur’anic or authentic hadith evidence
It must be established through reliable transmission or clear scholarly agreement
Conclusion.
Ijma’ is an important principle in Islamic jurisprudence, representing the unified agreement of qualified scholars on religious rulings after the Prophet ﷺ. It serves as a strong source of guidance in understanding Islamic law when direct textual evidence is not explicitly detailed.
And Allah knows best.
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