Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping are among more than a dozen world leaders expected to attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, on Monday.
The annual meeting comes as Russia and China continue to promote closer cooperation and advocate for a multipolar global order.
Although the SCO says it is not an alliance directed against other countries, Moscow and Beijing have increasingly used the organisation as a platform to express opposition to what they describe as Western dominance in global affairs.
Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan are also expected to attend the summit. Turkey is not a full member of the SCO but is among its dialogue partners.
Pezeshkian is expected to hold talks with Putin on the sidelines of the meeting. Iran became a full member of the SCO in 2023 and has strengthened its military relationship with Russia while maintaining important energy and economic ties with China.
India and Pakistan, both full members of the organisation, are also expected to participate in the summit.
The SCO currently has 10 permanent members, while another 15 countries hold dialogue-partner status. These include Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey.
The organisation says its members collectively account for about 40 percent of the world's population and roughly 25 percent of global economic output. The summit also marks 25 years since the SCO was established.
The gathering comes amid growing economic tensions between China and the United States. US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent recently criticised China's $1.2 trillion trade surplus, arguing that Beijing should rebalance its economy rather than rely heavily on exports.
Bessent is also expected to meet People's Bank of China Governor Pan Gongsheng during a G20 finance leaders' meeting in the United States.
The SCO summit is therefore taking place against a backdrop of shifting global alliances, rising competition between major powers and increasing calls for a more multipolar international system.
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